What is the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily function by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. This action increases the availability of serotonin in the synaptic space, enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission. By preventing the reabsorption of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, SSRIs lead to a prolonged effect of serotonin on the postsynaptic receptors, which is beneficial in treating various psychiatric conditions, particularly depression and anxiety disorders.

This mechanism is foundational to the therapeutic effects of SSRIs, as the increased serotonin levels facilitate improved mood and emotional regulation. The specificity of SSRIs for serotonin transporters over those for norepinephrine or dopamine is what distinguishes them from other antidepressant classes, thereby making them particularly effective for their intended uses without the broader range of side effects associated with non-selective agents.