What is the function of mRNA vaccines in the immune response?

mRNA vaccines function by introducing synthetic messenger RNA that encodes a specific protein of the pathogen—typically the spike protein of the virus responsible for diseases like COVID-19. Once the mRNA is delivered into the host's cells, the cellular machinery uses this mRNA to synthesize the encoded protein. This process effectively trains the immune system to recognize and respond to the pathogen if exposed in the future, as the immune system recognizes the synthesized protein as foreign.

The effectiveness of this approach lies in its ability to provoke an immune response without using live virus particles. By presenting a harmless piece of the pathogen (in the form of the protein produced by the mRNA), the vaccine prompts the body to generate both B-cells (antibody production) and T-cells (cell-mediated immunity) against the pathogen. This comprehensive immune training is why this mechanism is pivotal in the broader context of disease prevention.

In contrast, other options represent different mechanisms that are not the focus of mRNA vaccines. For instance, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, blocking host cell receptors, or suppressing cytokine release are tactics utilized by other types of antiviral agents or treatments, but they do not describe the primary mechanism of mRNA vaccines.