How do SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose levels?

SGLT2 inhibitors effectively lower blood glucose levels primarily by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys. These medications work by inhibiting the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) located in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. In normal physiology, SGLT2 reabsorbs glucose from the urine back into the bloodstream. When SGLT2 is inhibited, there is increased excretion of glucose in the urine, which in turn reduces blood glucose levels.

This mechanism of action is particularly beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes, as it provides a unique approach to glycemic control without directly affecting insulin secretion or sensitivity. The resultant osmotic diuresis also leads to additional benefits such as weight loss and a potential reduction in blood pressure, which can be advantageous for diabetic patients who often have comorbid cardiovascular issues.